Ferhat Çiçek – Sayfa 32

alcatel omniswitch 64xx serisi switchleri fabrika ayarlarına getirmek

tün network ekipmanlarında olduğu gibi alcatel switchlerde de bir aktif çalışan konfigürasyon birde kaydedilmiş konfigürasyonu vardır.

Alcatelin 64xx serisi switchlerin üzerindeki RTOS un dosya sistemi yapısı gereği /working klasöründe aktif konfigürasyonu içeren dosyalar /certified klasöründe ise kaydedilmiş konfigürasyon dosyaları yer almaktadır.

POSIX uyumlu RTOS üzerinde alışık olduğunuz dosya sistemi komutlarını kullanabilirsiniz. ls komutu ile bu klasörler içindeki dosyaları inceleyebilirsiniz.

switchlerimizin konfigürasyonunu fabrika ayarlarınna döndürmek istiyorsak bu klasörler içerisinde yer alan boot.cfg dosyalarını silmemiz ve switchi yeniden başlatmamız gerekmektedir.

>delete /working/boot.cfg
>delete /certified /boot.cfg
>reload

Yıllara göre sabit telefon, cep telefonu ve internet abone sayısı

Yıl	Sabit telefon abone sayısı	Cep telefonu abone sayısı	Toplam	Bir ay altı mobil geniş bant abonelikler hariç⁽²⁾	Bir ay altı mobil geniş bant abonelikler⁽³⁾
1929	15 262	–	–	–	–
1930	15 503	–	–	–	–
1931	15 503	–	–	–	–
1932	16 244	–	–	–	–
1933	16 340	–	–	–	–
1934	16 939	–	–	–	–
1935	18 072	–	–	–	–
1936	18 768	–	–	–	–
1937	19 481	–	–	–	–
1938	20 403	–	–	–	–
1939	21 457	–	–	–	–
1940	22 964	–	–	–	–
1941	23 398	–	–	–	–
1942	24 932	–	–	–	–
1943	27 129	–	–	–	–
1944	28 390	–	–	–	–
1945	28 875	–	–	–	–
1946	30 634	–	–	–	–
1947	31 925	–	–	–	–
1948	36 216	–	–	–	–
1949	41 690	–	–	–	–
1950	58 139	–	–	–	–
1951	63 376	–	–	–	–
1952	70 376	–	–	–	–
1953	81 095	–	–	–	–
1954	103 030	–	–	–	–
1955	116 455	–	–	–	–
1956	133 328	–	–	–	–
1957	154 316	–	–	–	–
1958	167 230	–	–	–	–
1959	172 765	–	–	–	–
1960	180 030	–	–	–	–
1961	190 359	–	–	–	–
1962	194 324	–	–	–	–
1963	199 451	–	–	–	–
1964	210 183	–	–	–	–
1965	243 361	–	–	–	–
1966	262 547	–	–	–	–
1967	275 380	–	–	–	–
1968	288 057	–	–	–	–
1969	330 887	–	–	–	–
1970	376 987	–	–	–	–
1971	426 377	–	–	–	–
1972	473 462	–	–	–	–
1973	531 367	–	–	–	–
1974	598 954	–	–	–	–
1975	680 585	–	–	–	–
1976	769 919	–	–	–	–
1977	851 353	–	–	–	–
1978	986 844	–	–	–	–
1979	1 092 137	–	–	–	–
1980	1 147 782	–	–	–	–
1981	1 301 558	–	–	–	–
1982	1 501 977	–	–	–	–
1983	1 673 227	–	–	–	–
1984	1 941 088	–	–	–	–
1985	2 247 884	–	–	–	–
1986	2 779 615	–	–	–	–
1987	3 701 973	–	–	–	–
1988	4 915 757	–	–	–	–
1989	5 877 123	–	–	–	–
1990	6 893 267	–	–	–	–
1991	8 199 568	–	–	–	–
1992	9 410 486	–	–	–	–
1993	11 019 710	–	–	–	–
1994	12 305 760	81 276	–	–	–
1995	13 227 704	332 716	–	–	–
1996	14 286 478	692 779	–	–	–
1997	15 744 020	1 483 149	–	–	–
1998	16 959 500	3 382 137	229 885	229 885	–
1999	18 054 047	7 562 972	436 610	436 610	–
2000	18 395 171	14 970 745	1 629 156	1 629 156	–
2001	18 904 486	19 502 897	1 619 270	1 619 270	–
2002	18 914 857	23 323 118	1 309 770	1 309 770	–
2003	18 916 721	27 887 535	906 650	906 650	–
2004	19 125 163	34 707 549	1 474 590	1 474 590	–
2005	18 978 223	43 608 965	2 248 105	2 248 105	–
2006	18 831 616	52 662 709	3 180 580	3 180 580	–
2007	18 201 006	61 975 807	4 842 798	4 842 798	–
2008	17 502 205	65 824 110	5 804 923	5 804 923	–
2009	16 534 356	62 779 554	8 849 779	6 782 657	2 067 122
2010	16 201 466	61 769 635	14 443 644	8 672 376	5 771 268
2011	15 210 846	65 321 745	22 940 788	14 117 815	8 822 973
2012	13 859 672	67 680 547	31 434 924	20 090 614	11 344 310
2013⁽¹⁾	13 696 434	68 911 173	33 725 675	21 938 341	11 787 334

Kaynak: TÜİK, Ulaştırma, Haberleşme ve Denizcilik Bakanlığı, Bilgi Teknolojileri ve İletişim Kurumu

(1) Veriler Eylül ayı sonu itibarıyladır.
(2) “Dial-up” dahil, bir ay altı mobil geniş bant abonelikler hariç olmak üzere üzere tüm abonelik paketlerini (xDSL, mobil, kablo, fiber vb.) kapsamaktadır.
(3) Bir ay altı mobil geniş bant abonelik paketleri cep telefonu veya bilgisayar gibi cihazlardan bir ay altındaki günlük, haftalık v.b. geniş bant veri kullanımlarını içermektedir.

Munin

Munin the monitoring tool surveys all your computers and remembers what it saw. It presents all the information in graphs through a web interface. Its emphasis is on plug and play capabilities. After completing a installation a high number of monitoring plugins will be playing with no more effort.

Using Munin you can easily monitor the performance of your computers, networks, SANs, applications, weather measurements and whatever comes to mind. It makes it easy to determine “what’s different today” when a performance problem crops up. It makes it easy to see how you’re doing capacity-wise on any resources.

Munin uses the excellent “‹RRDTool (written by Tobi Oetiker) and the framework is written in Perl, while plugins may be written in any language. Munin has a master/node architecture in which the master connects to all the nodes at regular intervals and asks them for data. It then stores the data in RRD files, and (if needed) updates the graphs. One of the main goals has been ease of creating new plugins (graphs).

This site is a wiki as well as a project management tool. We appreciate any contributions to the documentation. While this is the homepage of the Munin project, we will still make all releases through Sourceforge.

Download

All versions are available from “‹ “‹Sourceforge.

The stable branch is the 2.0.x line, development is happening in 2.1.x.

Munin 2.0 is available in repositories for (at least) the following Linux distributions: “‹Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, Red Hat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Mandriva, Gentoo and is also available in FreeBSD ports.

huawei s5300 serisi switchlerde optik arayüzün değerleri

[huawei-s5300-GigabitEthernet0/0/5]display transceiver diagnosis interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/5
Port GigabitEthernet0/0/5 transceiver diagnostic information:
Parameter        Current     Low Alarm    High Alarm
  Type            Value      Threshold    Threshold    Status
-------------   ---------    ---------    ----------   --------
TxPower(dBm)    -5.92        -8.99        -2.99        normal
RxPower(dBm)    -4.74        -17.00       -5.00        abnormal
Current(mA)     13.27        1.00         50.00        normal
Temp.(C)        32.53        0.00         80.00        normal
Voltage(V)      3.31         3.10         3.50         normal

buradan görülebileceği gibi RX değerleri normal değerlerin üzerinde. Fiziksel kontrol gerekmektedir. En iyi olasılık optik zayıflatıcı kullanmak.

XFP – Pin Assignment and Pin Description

Image: Host PCB XFP Pinout

Image: XFP Transceiver Electrical Pad Layout

Pin#	Name	Logic	Description	Note
1	GND		Module Ground	1
2	VEE5		-5.2V Power Supply , not in use	3
3	MOD_DESEL	LVTTL-I	Module De-select; When held Low allows module to respond to 2-wire serial interface
4	INTERRUPTb	LVTTL-O	Indicates presence of an important condition, which can be read over the 2-wire serial interface. This pin is an open collector output and must be pulled up to host_Vcc on the host board.	2
5	TX_DIS	LVTTL-I	Transmitter Disable; When asserted High, transmitter output is turned off. This pin is pulled up to VCC3 in the module
6	VCC5		+5V Power Supply, not in use	3
7	GND		Module Ground	1
8	VCC3		+3.3V Power Supply
9	VCC3		+3.3V Power Supply
10	SCL	I/O	2-wire serial interface clock. Host shall use a pull-up resistor connected to host_Vcc of +3.3V.	2
11	SDA	I/O	2-wire serial interface data. Host shall use a pull-up resistor connected to host_Vcc of +3.3V.	2
12	MOD_ABS	LVTTL-O	Indicates Module is not present. Host shall pull up this pin, and grounded in the module. “High” when the XFP module is absent from a host board.	2
13	MOD_NR	LVTTL-O	Module not ready; When High, Indicates Module Operational Fault. This pin is an open collector and must be pulled to host_Vcc on the host board.	2,4,5
14	RX_LOS	LVTTL-O	Receiver Loss of Signal; When high, indicates insufficient optical input power to the module. This pin is an open collector and must be pulled to host_Vcc on the host board.	2
15	GND		Module Ground
16	GND		Module Ground
17	RDN	CML-O	Receiver Inverted Data Output; AC coupled inside the module.
18	RDP	CML-O	Receiver Non-Inverted Data Output; AC coupled in side the module.
19	GND		Module Ground	1
20	VCC2		+ 1.8V Power Supply; not in use	3
21	P_DOWN/RST	LVTTL-I	Power down; When High, module is limited power mode. Low for normal operation. Reset; The falling edge indicates complete reset of the module. This pin is pulled up to VCC3 in the module.
22	VCC2		+ 1.8V Power Supply; not in use	3
23	GND		Module Ground	1
24	REFCLKP	PECL-I	Reference clock Non-Inverted Input; not in use
25	REFCLKN	PECL-I	Reference clock Inverted Input; not in use
26	GND		Module Ground	1
27	GND		Module Ground	1
28	TDN	CML-I	Transmitter Inverted Data Input; AC coupled in side the module.
29	TDP	CML-I	Transmitter Non-Inverted Data Input; AC coupled in side the module.
30	GND		Module Ground	1

Note :

1: Module ground pins are isolated from the module case and chassis ground within the module.
2: Shall be pulled up with 4.7k to 10k ohm to a voltage between 3.15V and 3.45V on the host board.
3: Not connected internally.
4: Response time^: typ. 20msec ( XFP MSA Rev. 4.5 = 1msec)
5: MOD_NR = (TX LOL) OR (RX LOL ).

godaddy drupal PDOException hatası

eğer godaddy suncuuları üzerindeki sitelerinizde aşağıdaki hata ile karşılaşırsanız herhangi bir database inizin şifresini güncelleyiniz. tüm sitelerinizdeki alınan hata ortadan kalkacak.. godaddy saçmalığı…

PDOException: SQLSTATE[HY000] [2013] Lost connection to MySQL server at ‘reading initial communication packet’, system error: 111 in lock_may_be_available() (line 167 of /html/www/includes/lock.inc).

huawei – ethernet ile bağlantı

huawei support sayfalarında huaweinin üretmiş olduğu huawei network access cihazlarında bulunan meth arayüzü için kullanılan ip adresinin 10.11.104.2 olduğu yazmakta. bu cihazlara bağlanabilmek için meth arayüzüne pc ile ethernet arayüzü ile bağlanarak bu ip adresine cihazda hangi protokol aktif ise (telnet veya ssh) bağlanabilirsiniz.

cihaz üzerindeki default konfigürasyon aşağıdaki gibidir.

interface meth0 ip address 10.11.104.2 255.255.255.0

default kullanıcı adı, şifresi root – mduadmin olarak geçiyor yine bu kaynaklarda.

$ telnet 10.11.104.2 Trying 10.11.104.2... Connected to 10.11.104.2. Escape character is '^]'.

>>User name:root
>>User password:mduadmin

Huawei Integrated Access Software (MA5616).
Copyright(C) Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2002-2011. All rights reserved.

—————————————————————————–

cisco switch minimum konfigürasyon

bu örnekte cisconun 3700 serisi switchlerde temel konfigürasyonun nasıl yapılacağına bakacağız.

ağ topolojimizi planlarken ağımızda hangi vlanların kullanılacağını belirlediğimi varsayıyoruz. temel olarak ağ yapılandırmasında grupları yönetim, data ve voip olarak ayrılmasında fayda vardır.

ağımızda 10 ve 20 data ve 30 ses için vlanlarını kullanacağımızı düşünerek gerekli vlan tanımlamalarını yapalım. cisco switch kullandığımızdan ve ağımızın çok büyük olmayacağınızı düşünerek stp olarak pvst kullanalım.

spanning-tree mode pvst
spanning-tree extend system-id
spanning-tree vlan 1,10,20,30 priority 4096

vlan internal allocation policy ascending
!
vlan 10
name DATA
!
vlan 20
name DATA2
!
vlan 30
name VOIP

vlanlarımızı tanımladıktan sonra uplink için gerekli konfigürasyonumuzu girebiliriz. bu örnekte switchimizde uplink portunu gi 1/0/1 olarak kullanacağız. port modunu trunk ve encapsulation dot1q olarak tanımlayacağız. eğer bu switchi dış dünyaya açılan noktanız da kullanacaksanız servis sağlayıcınızdan kullanmanız vlan bilgisini temin etmeniz gerekmektedir.

interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1
description *** uplink ***
switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
switchport trunk allowed vlan 1,10,20,30
switchport mode trunk

uplink tanımında dikkat edilmesi gereken iki nokta daha var. bunlardan bir tanesi auto negoation ve mtu değeridir. benim kullanmakta olduğum switch üzerinde 4 adet ge port mevcut. herhangi bir uplink koruması ve yedeklemesi yapmayacağımız için ilave bir konfigürasyon yapmamıza gerek yok. diğer üç port için konfigürasyon girmiyoruz. konfigürasyon dosyasında aşağıdaki şekilde görmemiz gerekmekte.

interface GigabitEthernet1/0/2
!
interface GigabitEthernet1/0/3
!
interface GigabitEthernet1/0/4

şimdi switchimiz için gerekli ip yapılandırmasını yapalım. elimizdeki bilgiler

default vlan : 1
ip : 10.1.1.10/24

şeklinde ise

ip subnet-zero
ip routing

interface Vlan1
ip address 10.1.1.10 255.255.255.0
!
ip classless
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.1.1.1
ip http server

şimdi kullanacağımız fast ethernet portları içinde gerekli konfigürasyon tanımı yaparsak switchimiz kullanıma hazır hale gelecek. geriye switch erişimi v.b. konularda gerekli konfigürasyonlar kalacaktır. ağımızda kullanılacak voip telefonlarda ve pclerde sadece bir ethernet port var her kullanıcıya iki ethernet port verilmesi gerekmekte. bunun için switchimizin yarısını data yarısını ses için ayırıyoruz.

interface FastEthernet1/0/1
description *** A-data ***
switchport access vlan 10
switchport mode access

interface FastEthernet1/0/2
description *** A-voip ***
switchport access vlan 20
switchport mode access

bu tanımı her port için ayrı ayrı giriyoruz. switch kullanıma hazır. burada ses için gerekli vlan kısmını kullanmayarak bu switch metro ethernet hattımızda sonlandırma switchi olarak kullanabiliriz.

Kamailio

Kamailio version 4.0 is a combined package of the former OpenSER and SIP Express Router servers. You can have now have access to all features of Kamailio and SIP Express Router (SER) in the same SIP server instance.

Combining its SIP core capabilities and extensible APIs, building VoIP and Unified Communication Platforms using Kamailio (K) is straightforward.

Some of the features that Kamailio^® offers:

Robust and Performant SIP (RFC3261) Server flavours
- Registrar server
- Location server
- Proxy server
- SIP Application server
- Redirect server
Flexibility
- small footprint ““ suitable for embedded devices ““ the binary file is small size, functionality can be stripped/added via modules
- plug&play module interface ““ ability to add new extensions, without touching the core, therefore assuring a great stability of core components
- modular architecture ““ core, internal libraries and module interface to extend the server’s functionality
- impressive extension repository ““ overall more than 150 modules are included in the Kamailio source tree
SIP Routing Capabilities
- stateless and transactional stateful SIP Proxy processing
- serial and parallel forking
- NAT traversal support for SIP and RTP traffic
- load balancing with many distribution algorithms and failover support
- flexible least cost routing
- routing failover
- replication for High Availability (HA)
Transport Layers
- support for communication via UDP, TCP, TLS and SCTP
- IPv4 and IPv6
- transport layer gatewaying (IPv4 to IPv6, UDP to TLS, a.s.o.)
- SCTP multi-homing and multi-streaming
- WebSocket for WebRTC
Asynchronous Processing
- asynchronous TCP handling
- asynchronous SIP message processing
- asynchronous inter-process message queues communication system
Secure Communication
- Digest SIP User authentication
- Authorization via ACL or group membership
- IP and Network authentication
- TLS support for SIP signaling
- transparent handling of SRTP for secure audio
- TLS domain name extension support
- authentication and authorization against database (MySQL, PostgreSQL, UnixODBC, BerkeleyDB, Oracle, text files), RADIUS and DIAMETER
IP and DNS
- support for SRV and NAPTR DNS lookups
- SRV DNS failover
- DNSsec support
- ENUM support
- internal DNS caching system ““ avoid DNS blocking
- IP level Blacklists
- multi-homed and multi-domain support
- topology hiding ““ hide IP addresses in SIP headers to protect your network architecture
Accounting
- event based accounting
- configurable accounting data details
- multi-leg call accounting
- storage to database, Radius or Diameter
- prepaid engine
Configuration File
- scripting language for configurations file. With a syntax similar to scripting languages, the configuration offers a powerful and flexible way to deploy custom SIP services.
- pseudo-variables to access and manage parts of the SIP messages and attributes specific to users and server
- transformations to modify existing pseudo-variables, accessing only the wanted parts of the information
- over 1000 parameters, variables and functions exported to config file
- runtime update framework ““ to avoid restarting the SIP server when needing to change the config parameters
External Interaction via
- text-based management interface via FIFO file, udp, xmlrpc and unix sockets
- RPC control interface ““ via XMLRPC, UDP or TCP
Rich Communication Services
- SIP SIMPLE Presence Server (rich presence)
- Presence User Agent
- XCAP client capabilities
- Embedded XCAP Server
- Presence DialogInfo support ““ SLA/BLA
- Instant Messaging
- Embedded MSRP relay
Monitoring and Troubleshooting
- SNMP ““ interface to Simple Network Management Protocol
- config file step-by-step debugger
- remote control via XMLRPC
- internal statistics exported via RPC and SNMP
- flexible debug and error message logging system ““ log custom messages including any header or pseudo-variable and parts of SIP message structure.
Extensibility APIs
- Perl Programming Interface ““ embed your extensions written in Perl
- Java SIP Servlet Application Interface ““ write Java SIP Servlets to extent your VoIP services and integrate with web services
- Lua Programming Interface
- Managed Code (C#) Programming Interface
- Python Programming Interface
- Java Programming Interface
Multiple Database Backends
- (MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, UnixODBC, BerkeleyDB, Oracle, text files) and other database types which have unixodbc drivers
- connections pool
- different backends can be used at same time (e.g., accounting to Oracle and authorization against MySQL)
- connectors for Memcached, Redis and Cassandra no-SQL backends
Interconnectivity
- straightforward interconnection with PSTN gateways
- gateway to sms or xmpp and other IM services
- interoperability with SIP enabled devices and applications such as SIP phones (Snom, Cisco, etc.), Media Servers (Asterisk, FreeSwitch, etc.)
IMS
- diameter support and authentication
- I-CSCF, P-CSCF, S-CSCF
- charging, QOS, ISC
Miscellaneous
- CPL ““ Call Processing Language (RFC3880)
- Internal generic caching system
- Memcached connector
- Redis NoSQL database connector
- CLI ““ kamctl and sercmd
- Web Management Interface: Siremis
- SIP-T and SIP-I
- music on hold queue
- message body compression/decompression (gzip-deflate)
Extensive documentation for both administrators and developers

Scalability:

Kamailio can run on embedded systems, with limited resources ““ the performances can be up to hundreds of call setups per second
used as load balancer in stateless mode, Kamailio can handle over 5000 call setups per second
on systems with 4GB memory, Kamailio can serve a population over 300 000 online subscribers
system can easily scale by adding more Kamailio servers
Kamailio can be used in geographic distributed VoIP platforms
Kamailio least-cost-routing scales up to millions of routing rules
straightforward failover and redundancy

alcatel 7750 lerde portun lldp konfigürasyonun incelenmesi

lldp prokolü aktif edilmiş bir ağda alcatel cihazlarda cli üzerinden lldp kontrolü aşağıdaki şekilde kontrol edilebilir.

*A:alc_7750_test# show port 3/2/12 ethernet lldp nearest-bridge remote-info detail
===============================================================================
Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) Port Information
===============================================================================
Port 3/2/12 Bridge nearest-bridge Remote Peer Information
——————————————————————————-
Remote Peer Index 3 at timestamp 12/26/2013 10:51:38:
Supported Caps : bridge router
Enabled Caps : bridge router
Chassis Id Subtype : 4 (macAddress)
Chassis Id : e8:e7:32:00:00:00
PortId Subtype : 7 (local)
Port Id : 1001
Port Description : Alcatel-Lucent 1/1
System Name : alc_6850_test
System Description : n/a

Remote Peer Index 3 management addresses at time 12/26/2013 10:51:38:
Address SubType : 1
Address : 192.168.1.82
Address If SubType : 2 Address If Id : 13604099
Address OID : n/a

——————————————————————————-
*A:alc_7750_test#